CLIMATIC CRISIS IN THE EASTERN PROVINCES OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE DURING THE SECOND HALF OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY (According to British Consular and Travel Accounts)
The article presents the crisis situations—drought, crop failure, and the resulting years of famine—that developed in the eastern provinces of the Ottoman Empire during the second half of the 19th century, based on British consular reports and travel accounts. These climatic anomalies were part of the final phase of the Little Ice Age, which was characterized by climatic instability that created weather extremes, including fluctuations in temperature and precipitation.
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